It’s about time I gave an update on my non-linear physics class.
We spent the last few weeks building a framework to analyze partial
differential equations with non-linear terms. After the pedagogical
material, we went on to our first real example: Faraday waves.

Faraday waves were first described in an appendix to a paper published
in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London in
1831. These are standing non-linear waves that are generated when an
open container with fluid is subject to vertical oscillations. When
the oscillations reach a certain threshold, we begin to see an
instability on the surface of the fluid. Our professor did a demo for
us with two fluids: canola and water. I had posted a video to Faraday waves with corn starch some time back.
A bunch of people had previously observed this phenomena, but Faraday
was the one who had described that the oscillation frequency of the
waves is half that of the driving frequency. I’ve read this original
paper, and he goes into excruciating detail about his
experiments. Surprisingly for a physics paper, there wasn’t a single
equation.

I’d like to draw attention to the point that we get a frequency that
is half that of the driving frequency. This is impossible in a linear
system, whose transfer functions have complex exponentials as
eigenfunctions. The mixing of the modes of the system is not
arbitrary, in fact we determined them after a ton of math.
To finish off, I’m posting a video to Chladni patterns formed with
different frequencies. For the sake of saving some brain cells, don’t read
the comments on that video.

Pictures courtesy of Jerry Gollub.